Genesis and Human Origins

 

Dr. Alice C. Linsley

Attempts to reconcile the biblical creation stories with the findings of science fail because they begin with unexamined assumptions such as the Bible is true and the sciences are not reliable. Another misleading assumption involves the Young Earth Creationists' use of the Genesis "begats" to date Adam and Eve who they believe to be the first people created by God. They believe the first humans appeared about 8000 years ago. However, that is when the first Hebrew communities emerged in the Nile Valley.

A detailed and objective reading of Genesis reveals that the historical Adam and Eve were among the founders of the Hebrew ruler-priest caste, the most important biblical population. They had a distinction marriage and ascendency pattern that reflects a long history of royal activity. Long before Abraham lived (c.2000 B.C.) the early Hebrew had already dispersed across the ancient world. However, their point of origin appears to have been the Nile Valley because the oldest known site of Hebrew worship is at Nekhen on the Nile.

When the historical Adam and Eve lived, the Hebrew ruler-priests maintained sacred sites the length of the Nile River. Information about them is available for interested parties. They were a caste organized into two ritual groups (moieties). They offered prayers for the people who came to their shrines and temples. The scribed prayers on the walls of royal tombs. Many of those prayers reveal belief in bodily resurrection. The prayers have been translated to English and published in The Ancient Pyramid Texts.

The hard facts about the people known to the historical Adam and Eve should not be ignored. The creation narratives of Genesis have a historical and cultural context that can be studied. The context is the Ancient Nile Valley Civilization. And yes, humans first appeared in Africa. That is where to oldest known human remains have been found and they date to millions of years ago. The Hebrew people did not yet exist, but there is evidence that the Creator was working among our archaic ancestors. They recognized patterns in Nature. They realized that life is in the blood, and they hoped for life after death. 

Our human ancestors lived so far back in the past that they cannot be identified. John Hawks, a world renown paleoanthropologist explains:

"It has been proposed that modern humans descended from a single woman, the 'mitochondrial Eve' who lived in Africa 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. The human immune system DRB1 genes are extremely polymorphic, with gene lineages that coalesce into an ancestor who lived around 60 million years ago, a time before the divergence of the apes from the Old World monkeys. The theory of gene coalescence suggests that, throughout the last 60 million years, human ancestral populations had an effective size of 100,000 individuals or greater. Molecular evolution data favor the African origin of modern humans, but the weight of the evidence is against a population bottleneck before their emergence. The mitochondrial Eve hypothesis emanates from a confusion between gene genealogies and individual genealogies." (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8533083/)

Hawks added, "First, modern humans did not originate in a bottleneck after 200,000 years ago. Our origin was much deeper in time than this." (Many Groups of Archaic Humans)

Paleoanthropologists such as John Hawks are searching for the truth. John Hawks notes that there is a wider range of anatomical features among Neanderthals than is generally recognized. Hawks also believes that there are limits to what can be determined by genetic tests of archaic fossils. He relies on morphological studies.

The story of human origins cannot be understood from DNA alone. That takes us back only to about 500,000 years ago. To gain understanding of human activity before that we must consider the artifactual evidence. Humans were using butchering flints between 2.5 and 3 million years ago. Some human fossils found in East Africa date to 3 million+ years ago.

However, the morphological research is the most significant. When Jeremy DeSilva compared the ankle joint, the tibia and the talus fossils of human ancestors ("hominins") between 4.12 million to 1.53 million years old, he discovered that all of the ankle joints resembled those of modern humans rather than those of apes. Chimpanzees flex their ankles 45 degrees from normal resting position. This makes it possible for apes to climb trees with great ease. While walking, humans flex their ankles a maximum of 20 degrees. The human ankle bones are quite distinct from those of apes.

The discovery of a complete fourth metatarsal of A. afarensis at Hadar that shows the deep, flat base and tarsal facets that "imply that its midfoot had no ape-like midtarsal break. These features show that the A. afarensis foot was functionally like that of modern humans." (Carol Ward, William H. Kimbel, Donald C. Johanson, Feb. 2011)

Related reading: Artifacts of Great Antiquity; Funerary Rites and the Hope of Resurrection; Early Resurrection Texts; Three Portraits of Adam; What Paleoanthropologists Want to Discover; The Shrine City of Nekhen; 

Britain's Connection to the Messianic Faith of the Early Hebrew

An angelic being holds the Shen sign representing eternal life over the deceased king.

Dr. Alice C. Linsley


In my first presentation I spoke about the presence of Anglo-Celtic priests in Britain at least as early as 46 A.D., well before Augustine’s 596 arrival to establish a Roman mission in Britain. The planting of the priesthood in England appears to have been the work of members of the Sanhedrin who were followers of Jesus Christ. Joseph Arimathea is a prime example. With this in mind, we should not be surprised that the ordination rules for Anglicans align closely with the Sanhedrin’s ordination rules.

Ossuary of Miriam, granddaughter of the High Priest Joseph Caiaphas.

 

Last week we explored the early Hebrew beliefs concerning the Son of God and their solar symbolism. The 6-prong solar symbol (shown above) that appeared on grave markers and ossuaries indicated hope for life after death. That symbol appeared on the bone boxes of Jewish rulers, including Joseph Caiaphas, the High Priest who condemned Jesus. 

Dispersion of Y-DNA Haplogroup R1b. 

Note the dark spot in the area of Lake Chad, Noah's homeland.

We also considered the DNA evidence for the wide dispersal of the early Hebrew across the Ancient Near East, parts of Europe, and especially Britain, where an estimated 70% of native British men share the same 20,000-year genetic heritage as the early Hebrew, Haplogroup R1b. (See map above.)

Coincidentally, these regions are where we find the distinctive 6-prong solar symbol.

In this presentation I hope to tie these threads together so that we may appreciate the deep roots of our Faith. Indeed, the Messianic Faith that we call “Christianity” is older than all other world religions by thousands of years.

Today we will consider what Genesis tells us about the dispersal of the early Hebrew and look at some of the earliest known Hebrew prayers that speak of their expectation that a Righteous Ruler would overcome death and lead them to immortality. Finally, we will look at the account of Abraham on Mount Moriah to better understand the nature of justification.

Let’s begin with a timeline. The oldest known site of Hebrew worship at Nekhen on the Nile dates to c. 4000 B.C. The oldest known Hebrew texts date to around the same time (4200-4000 B.C.). Abraham lived around 2000 B.C., which means that he had many Hebrew ancestors from whom he received a sacred tradition concerning a ruler-priest of his Hebrew caste who would overcome death and lead his people to immortality. Many of those Hebrew ancestors lived in the Nile Valley and were part of a very advanced ancient civilization.

The names above Asshur and Arpachsad are found in Genesis 10 and the names from Arpachsad and Asshur the Younger to Abraham are found in Genesis 11.

 

Genesis chapter 10 explains that Nimrod was a son of Cush. Cush represents the Nile Valley. Nimrod left the Nile Valley and began to build cities in the land of Shinar in Southern Mesopotamia. He married a daughter of Asshur, a Hebrew ruler in Mesopotamia. She was probably Nimrod’s cousin as suggested by the fact that she named her firstborn son after her father Asshur, a prerogative of the Hebrew cousin brides. The cousin bride’s naming prerogative is a distinctive feature of the marriage and ascendancy pattern of the early Hebrew. We find it earlier in the “begats” of Genesis 4 and 5.

The names Adah, Zillah, and Lamech the Elder appear in Genesis 4. The names Methuselah and Lamech the Younger, his firstborn son by his cousin bride Naamah, appear in Genesis 5.

Horus Names Among the Early Hebrew

Note the royal name Ar-Pacshad (Arpaxad). The "Ar" is likely a shortened Horus name as is suggested by the Nabataean King Harithath IV who bears the Horus name. In 2 Corinthians 11:32 King Harithath is called King Aretas. Horus is the later Greek word for the earlier Proto-Egyptian HR which means “Most High One”. In the ancient world, HR was regarded as the patron of kings.

Note that Abraham was a descendant of both Ham and Shem because their lines intermarried. This is an example of caste endogamy. The Hebrew were a caste of ruler-priests. They were organized into 2 ritual groups (moieties): the Horite Hebrew and the Sethite Hebrew. Some Horite Hebrew chiefs are listed in Genesis 36.

A great deal is known about both groups from texts and prayers that they wrote on the walls of royal tombs in the Nile Valley. Those have been translated and collected in a volume titled “Ancient Pyramid Texts”. Some of the prayers date as early as 6200 years ago. Most date to around 4000 years ago, the time of Abraham.

It is clear in The Ancient Pyramid Texts that the Horites and the Sethites maintained separate settlements. Utterance 308 addresses them as separate: "Hail to you, Horus in the Horite Mounds! Hail to you, Horus in the Sethite Mounds!"

Though separate groups or moieties, the Horite and Sethite Hebrew shared common religious practices and beliefs. They worshiped the same God whose symbol was the Sun, and they served the same king. However, the Horite temples and shrines were more prestigious. Utterance 470 strikes a contrast between the Horite and Sethite mounds and designates the Horite mounds as "the High Mounds."

Figurine of Seth found at Nekhen.

 

The totems of the Sethites and Horites have been found at Nekhen on the Nile, the oldest known site of Horite Hebrew worship (c.4000 B.C.). This figurine of Seth as a red-brown man with the head of a hippo was there. The hippo was the totem of the Sethite Hebrew, and the golden falcon was the totem of the Horite Hebrew.

A gold figure of Horus as a falcon was found at Nekhen. 

Among the early Hebrew green malachite was associated with HR and represented new life and the hope of resurrection. The Egyptian Book of the Dead speaks of how the deceased will become a falcon "whose wings are of green stone" (chapter 77). The Ancient Pyramid Texts speak of Horus as the "Lord of the green stone" (Utterance 301) and the land of the blessed dead is described as the "field of malachite." The prayers of the Nilotic Hebrew are the earliest known resurrection texts.

Note that these prayers are written in hope that the buried king might rise to new life. In his resurrection body he is to restore his settlements and cities, and open the door to the Westerners, Easterners, Northerners and Southerners (Utterance 587). He is to rule over the peoples, restore the former state of blessedness, and unite heaven and earth. The Messianic expectation found in Genesis 3:15 was expressed in Utterance 388 of The Pyramid Texts: "Horus has shattered the mouth of the serpent with the sole of his foot". In the Egyptian Book of the Dead, HR is called the "advocate of his father" (cf. 1 John 2: 1, "If anyone sin, we have an advocate with the Father...).

When seen from this perspective, the faith of the early Hebrew appears to be the foundation of the Messianic hope that is fulfilled in Jesus of Nazareth, a direct descendant of the Hebrew ruler-priests.

The New Testament speaks about Jesus as the firstborn from the grave and by his resurrection He delivers to the Father a "peculiar people." He leads us to the Father where we receive heavenly recognition because we belong to Him. Here we find the language of a royal procession such as this: "When He ascended on high, He led captives in his train, and gave gifts to men.” Paul continues in Ephesians 4:8-10 - "What does “he ascended” mean except that he also descended to the depths of the earth? He who descended is the very one who ascended higher than all the heavens, in order to fill the whole universe."

A Horite Hebrew song found at the royal complex at Ugarit speaks of HR’s descent to the place of the dead "to announce good tidings." The text reads: Hr ešeni timerri duri - "below in the dark netherworld" and has the Hittite phrase Šanizzin ḫalukan ḫalzi - "to announce good tidings". (See Note 2 on page 2012.)

The early Hebrew expected the Righteous Ruler to rise on the third day. Utterance 667 says: "Oh Horus, this hour of the morning, of this third day is come, when thou surely passeth on to heaven, together with the stars, the imperishable stars."

Heavenly recognition for the early Hebrew was never an individual prospect. Heavenly recognition came to the people through the righteousness of the ruler-priest. Some early Hebrew rulers took this seriously and the worst were so earthy minded that they shed much blood enlarging their territories. All failed to be the Ruler-Priest who rose from the dead. None had the power to deliver captives from the grave and to lead them to the Father in heaven (Ps. 68:18; Ps. 7:7; Eph. 4:8). That would be fulfilled by Jesus, the Son of God, and this was revealed to Abraham on Mount Moriah.

Among the early Hebrew, the Son of God was pictured as rising with the sun as a lamb and setting in the west as a ram. As they ascended Mount Moriah, Isaac asked his father "where is the lamb" for the sacrifice? Abraham replied that God would provide the lamb, but God provided a ram instead.

Among the early Hebrew, the Son of God was shown riding with the Father on the celestial Sun boat. The boat of the morning hours was called Mandjet and the boat of the evening hours was called Mesektet. While the Son was on the Mandjet, he was depicted as a lamb. While on the Mesektet, he was a ram. Abraham would have understood the message of the ram provided by God on Mount Moriah, and he believed the promise, and believing, he was justified. We if don’t get hung up on chronological time, which does not pertain to God, we will see that the ground for justification is the same for all people throughout all human existence. Glory to God!

The Son of God was called the “Lamb” in his weaker (kenotic) state, and he was called the “Ram” in his glorified state. The solar arc spoke of the Son’s death and resurrection. This is what Jesus meant when he told the Jews, "Your father Abraham rejoiced to see my day: and he saw it and was glad." (John 8:56)


Related reading: The Ram of God has been Provided; The Hebrew Were a Caste; The Oldest Known Religion; What Abraham Discovered on Mt. Moriah; Solar Symbolism of the Ancient Near East; Funerary Rites and the Hope of Resurrection; Righteous Rulers and the Resurrection; The Religious Symbolism of Green Malachite

Abraham Settled in the Land of Cain

 

Dr. Alice C. Linsley

The Bible speaks about the dispersion of the early Hebrew throughout and beyond the well-watered expanse of Eden. Cain left his homeland and settled “east of Eden” (Gen. 4:15) in the land of Canaan. There Cain built a city that he named for Enoch, one of his sons. Canaan is where we later meet Cain's descendants, the Kenites. 

Some of Noah’s descendants, the Hittites, settled in Canaan and Anatolia. The Hittites were descendants of Heth (Gen. 10). Heth was the second son of Canaan (or Cain the Younger) and the ancestor of the Hittites ("sons of Heth").

Nimrod left the Nile Valley and settled in Mesopotamia where he became famous as a city builder (Gen. 10). He married a Mesopotamian princess.

Abraham left Haran in what is today Turkey and settled in Canaan, the land of one of his early ancestors. There he became established in ancient Edom or Idumea, the "Land of Red People". His territory extended on a north-south axis between the settlements of his two wives, Sarah in Hebron and Keturah in Beersheba. His wives' settlements marked the boundaries of his territory.

The Hebrew practice of sending away non-ascendant sons drove the dispersion of the early Hebrew out of Africa into Arabia, Canaan, Mesopotamia, and Anatolia. Cain, Nimrod, and Abraham moved away from their families of origin. In the Bible, the first example of that is Cain, a Hebrew, who left his homeland west of Canaan. This fits with the archaeological evidence that locates the oldest known site of Hebrew worship at Nekhen in the Nile Valley. Nimrod was a son of Kush and Kush is another name for the Nile Valley.

Canaan is where we find some of Cain's descendants, the Kenites (Gen. 15:18–21; Ex. 3:1; Num. 24:20; Jg. 1:16; Jg. 4:11). The word Kenite and the name Cain/Kain are related to the land of Canaan, which is כנען, pronounced kena'an. The Kenites were descendants of Tubal Cain who is identified as an early blacksmith in Genesis 4. The Kenite smiths often camped outside of cities where they did their metal work. When Saul came to attack Amalek’s city, he warned the Kenites to move away, saying, “Go, depart, get you down from among the Amalekites, lest I destroy you with them: for ye shewed kindness to all the children of Israel, when they came up out of Egypt. So the Kenites departed from among the Amalekites.” (1 Sam. 15:5-6)

Related reading: Cain as Ruler; The Shrine City of Nekhen; Hebrew Priests in Aram, Edom, Judah, and Moab; Hebrew Sent-Away Sons; The Wives' Settlements Mark the Boundaries; Eden Was a Well-Watered Region; Nimrod's Mesopotamian Wife

Number Symbolism in the Bible is Relative

 

Dr. Alice C. Linsley

Number symbolism in the Bible varies, depending on the cultural and geographical context. For the early Nilotic Hebrew (4000-2000 BC) "40 days and 40 nights" pertained to the Nile floods (40 days) and the period of time before the people could return to their homes (40 nights). However, the number 40 does not appear in the Book of Daniel with its geographical setting around Susa (biblical Shushan) in Babylon. The geographical differences are a significant factor in understanding number symbolism in the Bible.

Also, consider how different translations provide different numbers. Genesis 46:27 in the Septuagint says, "Thus all the souls of Jacob's house who went to Egypt were seventy-five" but the Masoretic says, "...all the persons of the house of Jacob, that came into Egypt, were seventy." Different lifespans are assigned to Lamech the Younger (Gen. 5). In the Septuagint, he is said to have lived 753 years. In the Samaritan Pentateuch, he is said to have lived 653 years, and the Masoretic text claims that he lived 777 years.

The number 7 is frequently found in the Bible in connection with the royal Hebrew priesthood. The number 4 is often found in connection to the cardinal directions.

The number 3 is repeatedly found in connection to divinely inspired or God directed actions. Jonah was 3 days in the belly of the whale. Moses was hidden for 3 months (Ex. 2:2). Job's 3 friends struggled with the mystery of why the righteous suffer. Moses asked permission to go 3-days journey into the wilderness to worship. Abraham traveled 3 days to a mountain only God could reveal and upon which God provided His own sacrifice. The Covenant God made with Abraham involved cutting up 3 animals that were 3 years old. The visit by 3 "Men" to Abraham's tent. The 3 measures of flour made into cakes for those Visitors. The 3 gifts offered them: curds, milk and a calf. Abraham prayed 3 times for Sodom. Joseph had a dream of a vine with 3 branches (Gen 40:10-12). The “Son of Man” appeared with 3 men in the fiery furnace. 

In ancient Egypt, the number 3 symbolized the divine triad of Re, Hathor and Horus (HR, "Most High One" in Proto-Egyptian). The number 3 also spoke of life after death, symbolizing birth-death-and bodily resurrection. St. Augustine noted that the Egyptians took great care in the burial of their dead and never practiced cremation, as in the religions that seek to escape material existence. Their greatest fear was the "second death" which apparently occurs when the body and the spirit/soul as a unit are not restored to life in the resurrection. The Son of God rose on the third day, as his early Hebrew ancestors anticipated. HR is described as rising on the third day. Utterance 667 (The Ancient Pyramid Texts) dates to about 4000 years ago and states that HR would rise on the third day. "Oh HR, this hour of the morning, of this third day is come, when thou surely passeth on to heaven, together with the stars, the imperishable stars."

The study of numbers in the Bible is fascinating, but one must not become dogmatic about one's personal or mystical interpretation. The Church Fathers were not interested in philosophical speculation about numbers. Nor was the Apostle Paul. Risto Santala, the late Finnish Bible scholar and an expert on Paul, wrote, "The esoteric Qabbalah wandered off the right track in creating a very extensive literature on doctrines of angels and mysteries relating to God's being (razei El). Only those over the age of forty were allowed to study them. The angel RAZIEL, whose numeric value in gematria is 248 and who thus knew the inner secrets of the two hundred and forty-eight 'do'- commandments, gave Adam the 'Sefer Raziel', that is, 'the Book of Raziel', an esoteric source. The enormous literature of the Kabbalah is occupied with these imaginary conjectures. They indeed have 'an appearance of wisdom,' but both Jesus and Paul entirely renounced them."

Related reading: Early Resurrection Texts; Righteous Rulers and the Resurrection; The Cardinal Directions Tell a Story; Just Genesis: Lamech Segment Analysis; Number Symbolism in Revelation

Genesis 3:15 is about the Virgin Mary

 

The Fertile Crescent was home to the widely dispersed early Hebrew ruler-priests.

Dr Alice C. Linsley

In Genesis 3:15, the first Messianic prophesy of the Bible, the Seed/Son of God is the son of the "Woman", and this is not Eve. Eve is not named until 5 verses later. The identity of the Woman becomes clear when we understand what the early Hebrew believed. They are ones who first believed in the coming of Messiah. Their belief concerning the Son of God is expressed in Genesis 3:15.

"I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and her offspring; he shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise his heel".

Genesis 3:15 is called the protoevangelium, or the Proto-Gospel. The early Hebrew believed in God Father and God Son and anticipated the incarnation of the Son by divine overshadowing of a virgin of their priest caste. This expectation is expressed in the promise of deliverance given to Abraham's Hebrew ancestors. Their hope was to be delivered from death by a Righteous Ruler who would overcome death and lead his people to immortality. They pinned that hope on the appearing of the Son of God.

According to the early Nilotic Hebrew, the first act of the Creator at the beginning was šw (Shu), meaning light. This is not the light of day. It is the eternal, uncreated light associated with the High God's son Y-shu (Yeshua), as proclaimed in John's Prologue.

Jesus or Yeshua is the name that was given to the son the Virgin Mary conceived by divine overshadowing. Luke 1:35 makes this clear. The Angel Gabriel explained to Mary: "The Holy Spirit will come on you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God."

The early Hebrew (4200-2000 BC) lived before the emergence of Judaism. The language they used was not Hebrew because Hebrew did not yet exist. The Hebrew ruler-priests who lived in the Ancient Nile Valley (ANV) used pictographic symbols to communicate in writing. One of their shrine cities was Nekhen, the oldest known site of Horite Hebrew worship. Nekhen was a principal city of the Fertile Crescent. Systematic excavations at Nekhen began in 1897-1898, led by British archaeologists James Quibell and Frederick W. Green. In the early 2020s, work continued under the direction of Renée Friedman. Various areas were excavated, including elite cemeteries (HK6), industrial zones (breweries), and monumental architecture.

The written communication of the Mesopotamian Hebrew employed Akkadian cuneiform. Ancient Akkadian is the oldest known Semitic language. The oldest biblical texts contain some words of Akkadian origin. The word "Hebrew"is derived from the ancient Akkadian word abru, meaning priest. The name for Cain/Kain/Kan is a play on the Akkadian word kan, referring to blood and a field. (According to Genesis 4:8, Cain killed his brother Abel in a field and Abel's blood cried out to God from the ground). The name Lamech (Gen. 4 and Gen. 5) is an Akkadian title: lumakku, referring to a junior priest.

The early Hebrew believed that a Woman of their royal priest caste would conceive the Son of the High God by divine overshadowing, just as the Angel declared to the Virgin Mary. This expectation was depicted in images of the Son's mother overshadowed by the Sun.

The early Hebrew regarded the Sun as the symbol of the High God. This image shows Hathor overshadowed. She is the archetypal mother of the archetypal Son of God, HR/Horus.

The Son of God was to crush the serpent under his feet. This belief was expressed by the early Hebrew priests on the walls of royal tombs. One such text says, "Horus has shattered (tbb, crushed) the mouth of the serpent with the sole of his foot (tbw)". (Ancient Pyramid Texts, Utterance 388, p. 128.) Another states, "The sandal of Horus/HR is what tramples the snake underfoot" (Utterance 378).

Horus is the Greek for the Proto-Egyptian word HR, meaning "Most High One". The Nilotic Hebrew spoke of the Son's father as Re, meaning "father" in Proto-Egyptian.

It must be evident that the "Woman" of Genesis 3:15 cannot be Eve.

Related reading: Why the Name Jesus?; They Believed in a Messiah 6000 Years Ago; Horite and Sethite Mounds; The Hebrew were a Caste; Funerary Rites and the Hope of Resurrection; Early Resurrection Texts; Righteous Rulers and the Resurrection

Is "Male Headship" a Biblical Doctrine?

 

The Hebrew cousin bride had the prerogative to name her firstborn son after her father.

Dr. Alice C. Linsley

Where is the Evangelical doctrine of "male headship" found throughout the canonical Scriptures? It is cobbled together by cherry picking verses from Paul whose concern was recognition of God's supreme authority. The Apostle Paul had great respect for women and his instructions in 1 Timothy 2 address a specific situation. Most of Paul's writings on men and women are used to speak of the authority of Christ as the Head of the Church.

"For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church, his body, and is himself its Savior. As the church is subject to Christ, so let wives also be subject in everything to their husbands." (Eph. 5:23-24) Here Paul uses a marriage analogy to speak of Christ's authority. 

Paul repeats that analogy in 1 Cor. 11:3 - "But I would have you know that the head of every man is Christ; and the head of the woman is the man; and the head of Christ is God." Again, Paul's concern is that Christ's followers recognize authority.

Paul often uses analogies. The Adam of which Paul speaks is analogical, not historical. Paul's analogy involves a typical Hebrew parallelism between Adam by whom sin and death entered and the New Adam, Jesus Christ, by whom sin and death are overcome. Clearly this analogy is not intended to be taken as history, unless we are to believe that people before 6000 years ago did not sin and did not die.

It is clear that in drawing this analogy, Paul believed Adam to be historical because both Adam and Jesus Christ acted in ways that had lasting consequences in human history. However, Paul also admits that his presentation of Adam involves typology. He writes that Adam “was a type of the one who was to come.” (Rom. 5:14)

Evangelicals maintain that God established male headship at creation. However, in the Bible male-female is a binary set. Binary sets are composed of 2 closely related entities such as male-female and sun-moon. It is universally evident that one of the entities of these sets is greater in strength than its partner. "God made the two great lights—the greater light (the sun) to rule the day, and the lesser light (the moon) to rule the night." (Gen. 1:16) This is the message! The Creator is greater than the creature. Only the greater power and authority can stoop to save. Paul goes on to express the binary relationship this way: As Christ loves and protects the Church so the husband is to love and protect his wife. 

The binary reasoning of the Bible is based on the early Hebrew priests' acute observation of patterns in creation. The male of the human species is larger and stronger than the female. The sun's brilliance surpasses the refulgent light of the moon. To apply an analogy: The Church reflects Christ's light in the world. 

For the early Hebrew the sun was a symbol of the Creator because it spoke of God's rule over all the earth. It also spoke of divine authority. Those who were appointed by God were believed to be divinely overshadowed. That is why Hathor is shown with the sun resting in her crown of horns. She is the archetype of the Virgin Mary who conceived by divine overshadowing (Lk 1:35). 

The same belief about divine appointment is expressed in the Hebrew names of many rulers. The initial Y is a solar cradle indicating divine appointment. It is found in these names: Yishmael (Ishmael); Yishbak; Yitzak (Isaac); Yacob (Jacob); Yehuda (Judah); Yosef (Joseph); Yetro (Jethro); Yeshai (Jesse), Yonah (Jonah), Yeroboam (Jeroboam), Yosedech (Josedech) and his son Yeshua (Joshua/Jesus) who wore the double crown (Zech. 6:11).

Yesu (Jesu) in hieroglyphics represents one who judges and rules as God's appointed.

The binary reasoning of the Bible prevents the biblical faith from slipping into dualism, a view in which the two entities of a set are equal in every way and to be granted equality in all things. That view is represented by egalitarians. Binary reasoning also prevents slipping into views that place all authority exclusively with males (absolute patriarchy). The social structure of the biblical Hebrew was neither egalitarian nor patriarchal. My book "The First Lords of the Earth" makes that clear in chapters 6-13. The final chapter is about binary reasoning.

Gender Balance Throughout the Scriptures

A detailed anthropological study of the social structure of the Hebrew ruler-priest caste shows that it was neither patriarchal nor egalitarian. It reveals a balance of authority between males and females. There were male prophets and female prophets, male rulers and female rulers; inheritance by male heirs and inheritance by female heirs, patrilocal residence, and matrilocal residence; and an equal distribution of rights and responsibilities between the "mother's house" and the "father's house."

Hebrew names and titles include patronymics such as Kalev ben Jephunneh (Num. 13) and Bartholomew, an Anglicized version of the Aramaic patronymic Bar-Talmai. Patronymics are common in the Hebrew Bible. So are matronymics. Bath-Sheba is an example. Solomon's mother was of the royal house of Sheba. This is why one of the entrance pillars of Solomon's Temple commemorates Jachin (Joktan), a name associated with the clan of Sheba. Solomon bowed before Bathsheba, the queen mother, and had her sit on a throne at his right side (1 Kg. 2:19).

The Hebrew gender balance is evident in the biblical narratives which give equal attention to males and females. The blood symbolism of the Passover associated with Moses has a parallel in the blood symbolism of the scarlet cord associated with Rahab.

The abusive behavior of drunken Noah toward his sons has a parallel in the abusive behavior of drunken Lot toward his daughters.

The gender balance is evident in the New Testament narratives also. When Jesus was presented in the temple His identity as Messiah was attested by the priest Simeon and the prophetess Anna.

Men and women are among Jesus’ followers. The women reportedly provided many of the material needs of Jesus and the Disciples. Jesus restored life to Jairus’ daughter (daughter to father) and life to the son of the widow of Nain (son to mother).

Jesus’ parables in Luke 15 involve a male seeking a lost sheep and a female seeking a lost coin. Paul commends both men and women to the Gospel ministry. Among them are Apollos, Priscilla, Timothy, and Phoebe, a leader from the church at Cenchreae, a port city near Corinth. Paul attaches to Phoebe the title of prostatis, meaning a female patron or benefactor.

To understand the gender balance of the early Hebrew, we must dismiss the false narrative that their social structure was patriarchal. The traits of a patriarchy do not apply to the biblical Hebrew from whom we receive the earliest elements of the Messianic Faith we call "Christianity." Line of descent was traced through high-status wives, especially the cousin brides. Women owned property and could inherit. The biblical data reveals that the responsibilities and rights of males and females were balanced, yet distinct. There were Hebrew women of authority, but not one served as a priest at the altar. Instead, many ministered to women at the royal water shrines where women came for healing, purification, and for prayers concerning fertility concerns. 

In the Bible, both men and women of the Hebrew ruler-priest caste were persons of authority though no women served as priests. Unless the Church reflects this biblical pattern, it cannot claim to be faithful to the whole counsel of God.

Related reading: Philosophers' Corner: Is "Complementarianism" a Biblical Concept?; Male and Female are Primary in Hebrew Scriptures; The Ministry of Hebrew Woman at the Sun Cities; Solar Imagery of the Proto-Gospel; Temple Women

The First Hebrew Lords

 

Dear Readers,

It has been a long time coming, but my book The First Lords of the Earth: An Anthropological Study is  available for purchase on Amazon. Options include Kindle, paperback, or hard cover. All are priced to accommodate book lovers on a tight budget. 

This book identifies the social structure and religious beliefs of the early Hebrew ruler-priest caste (6000-4000 years ago), their dispersion out of Africa, their territorial expansion, trade routes, and influence on the populations of the Fertile Crescent and Ancient Near East. It is ancient history, anthropology, and Biblical studies wrapped into one fascinating read. 

I was able to make a rather complex subject easy to understand. I hope you will buy the book and discover answers to some perennial questions, such as:

• Was the social structure of the biblical Hebrew patriarchal?
• Who were the Horite Hebrew and the Sethite Hebrew?
• Where is the oldest known site of Horite Hebrew worship?
• Why the Hebrew ruler-priests were in Canaan before Abraham's time.
• Why did so many Hebrew men have two wives?
• What was the difference in status between wives and concubines?
• What types of authority did the biblical Hebrew recognize?
• What were some symbols of authority among the early Hebrew?
• How did their acute observation of the order of creation inform their reasoning?
• If Judaism is NOT the Faith of the early Hebrew, what did they believe?

I hope you will find the book helpful and informative. The sequel tells describes the lives of the First Hebrew Ladies and will be available in July 2024.

Thank you for reading the posts at this blog. 

Best wishes to you all,

Alice C. Linsley

Related reading: The Genesis Rulers Through the Lens of Anthropology; The First Lords and Their Authority; The First Lords is a Paradigm-Shifting Book; Response to a Review of First Lords of the Earth; The First Lords and Messianic Expectation

Nimrod and the Nile-Indus Connection

 

Dr. Alice C. Linsley

Connections between the early Hebrew of the Ancient Nile Valley and the Ancient Indus Valley are suggested by linguistic studies and archaeology. According to Genesis 10, Nimrod was a Nilote (son of Kush) who built his kingdom in Mesopotamia. He is one of "the mighty men of old" described in Genesis 6. These earliest kingdom builders constructed cities, temples, and fortified high places. They controlled commerce on the major water systems of the ancient world. They migrated out of the Nile Valley in different directions, and they were served by a prestigious caste of priests who became known as Hebrew. In Ancient Akadian this ruler-priest caste was called Abrutu, from the word Abru, meaning priest.

One of the principal cities built by Nimrod was Akkad. The language of his territory was Akkadian, the oldest known Semitic language. The Indian scholar, Malati J. Shendge, concluded that the language of the Harappans of the Indus Valley was Akkadian.

Ajay Pratap Singh has written, "Comparisons of Akkadian and Sanskrit words yielded at least 400 words in both languages with comparable phonetic and semantic similarities. Thus Sanskrit has, in fact, descended from Akkadian."

The Hebrew yasuah and the Sanskrit words asvah, asuah or yasuah, refer to salvation.

The Semitic words svam or samyim and the Sanskrit svah refer to the sky or heavens and resemble the Proto-Dravidian word van, meaning heaven.

The Semitic word wadi and the Sanskrit nadi mean river.

The Hebrew root thr means to be pure. It probably corresponds to the Tamil word tiru, meaning holy, and to the proto-Dravidian tor, meaning blood.

The Hebrew word for mother is iya and corresponds to the Dravidian ka ayi, meaning mother.

There also is a correspondence between the names Ram/Rama, Kush/Kusha, Karnak/Karnataka, and Hari/Hori which are found in Vedic and Hebrew texts. Other places names include Orisha in Nigeria and Orissa in India.

In the Omotic languages of Ethiopia the word ganga is related to words meaning river. This likely is the source of the name of the Ganges River. Other words like sanga (“having limbs”) suggest the meaning of the intervocalic "ng" which in Sanskrit appears in words associated with tributaries, extensions, off-shoots, or limbs. 

The word "Har-appa" is comprised of two words. HR refers to the Most High One whose symbol was the Sun. Appa means "father" in Dravidian. Harappa speaks of the Most High as Father. This reflects the belief of the early Hebrew concerning God as father and suggests that their beliefs influenced the development of religious beliefs in the early Indus Valley.

Artifacts

Further evidence of the connection between the Nile and Indus Valley is demonstrated by comparing early Egyptian and Indus pottery inscriptions. Note that at least 17 figures are identical. These would have been used in trade between the two ancient civilizations.

Harappan artifacts are similar to those of the ancient Nile. The Indian archaeologist, B. B. Lal contends that the Dravidian artifacts reflect the pottery and structures of the Upper Nile Valley. Lal writes: "At Timos the Indian team dug up several megalithic sites of ancient Nubians which bear an uncanny resemblance to the cemeteries of early Dravidians which are found all over Western India from Kathiawar to Cape Comorin. The intriguing similarity extends from the subterranean structure found near them. Even the earthenware ring-stands used by the Dravidians and Nubians to hold pots were identical." 

Various sciences confirm an early Nile-Indus connection: DNA studies, linguistics, archaeology, and anthropology. Michael Petraglia (University of Cambridge) and his team found stone tools at Jwalapuram in Andhra Pradesh in southern India. These were above and below a thick layer of ash from the Toba super eruption (74,000 years ago). Petraglia noted that the tools found in southern India are like those from the African Middle Stone Age about 100,000 years ago. He states, “Whoever was living in India was doing things identical to modern humans living in Africa.”

DNA research has shown that there have been two major migrations into India in the last 10,000 years. One originated from the Zagros region in south-western Iran between 7,000 and 3,000 B.C. The Zagrosian herders mixed with the earlier inhabitants of the subcontinent, descendants of the Out of Africa migrants who had reached India around 65,000 years ago. Together, they went on to create the Harappan civilization.

The German archaeologists Friedrichs and Muller identified some of the skulls of Mohenjo-Daro as "Hamitic." The term "Nilotic" would be more accurate.

Paleontologists B.K. Chatterjee and G.D. Kumer reported in "Comparative Study and Racial Analysis of the Skeletal Remains of the Indus Valley Civilization" that the 18 Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa skulls that they examined are "similar to skulls from Nubia during the third to second Millennium B.C." (See Wayne Chandler: "The Jewel in the Lotus: The Ethiopian Presence in the Indus Valley Civilization" in African Presence in Early Asia, Ivan Van Sertima et. a1. eds., 1985 p. 87)

Similar Symbolism

Common images that appear at Hindu shrines and temples include trees of life from which water flows, trees with serpents, and phallic pillars that represent the potency of the Creator. 

Some old Hindu fire altars were constructed in the shape of a falcon. The falcon was the totem of Horus (HR), the son of the High God. This explains why the Shulba Sutras state that "he who desires heaven is to construct a fire-altar in the form of a falcon."

B. B. Lal noted that originally there were seven fire altars at Kalibangan. The number seven represented fullness and heavenly blessing among the Harappans as it did for the biblical Hebrew. In Jewish weddings the Sheva Brachot (seven marriage blessings) are recited under the huppah and the wedding feast lasts 7 days. Among the Agharias of Orissa, India, the wedding begins with the bride’s father delivering a bracelet and seven small earthen bowls to the bride. The bride is seated in the open, and seven women hold the bowls over her head one above the other. Water is poured from one bowl into the other, each being filled in turn and the whole finally falling over the bride's head. The bowls of water represent the blessings from above by which the High God overcame the demonic forces that inhibited life on earth by withholding water. The bride is then bathed and carried in a basket seven times round the marriage-post, after which she is seated in a chair and seven women place their heads together round her while a male relative winds a thread seven times round the heads of the women.

It appears that the early Hebrew ruler-priests spread the Proto-Gospel concerning God Father and God Son. In the Axial Age, their faith degraded into polytheism and the proliferation of numerous world religions, including Hinduism and Judaism.

Related reading: Belief in the High God; The Oldest Known Religion; Understanding the Axial Age; Elements of the Messianic Faith in Early Hinduism; Why Nekhen is Anthropologically Significant

Funerary Rites and the Hope of Resurrection

 

An angelic being holds the Shen sign representing eternal life over the deceased king.

Dr. Alice C. Linsley

Some early Hebrew priests were responsible for embalming, funerals, and the maintenance of burial sites. They presided over mortuary rituals and recited prayers to God Father (Ra/Anu) and God Son (Horus/Enki) while wrapping the mummies. Some Hebrew priests were retained to offer daily prayers for deceased members of royal families who maintained elaborate mortuary sites. These priests were paid by a family to perform the daily offerings at the tomb of their departed loved ones. 

 
Examples of these priestly prayers are found in the Pyramid Tests (2400 BC) and the Coffin Texts (2000 BC). These texts speak of the hope of bodily resurrection. A Horite song found at the royal complex at Ugarit, speaks of Horus descending to the place of the dead "to announce good tidings." Horus is described as rising on the third day (The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Utterance 667).

The Pyramid Texts, the Coffin Texts, and the Egyptian Book of the Dead are important sources of information about the prayers, beliefs, and funeral practices of the early Nilotic Hebrew and the Mesopotamian Hebrew priests.

Aylward M. Blackman observed that the mouth opening rite was performed on behalf of deceased rulers in Egypt and Babylonia. (See Blackman, A.M., “The Rite of Opening the Mouth”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 10, No. 1 Ap., 1924, pp. 47-59.)

The Pyramid Texts describe the priestly rituals by which the deceased ruler is purified (lustration texts) by holy water and the censing of the body and tomb. It also describes the mouth opening rite or the splitting apart of the lips of the dead that he might breathe, eat, and speak. Scholars have noted the parallels to Psalm 51. The parallels include:

Ritual washing with special herbs (verses 2 and 7).

Restoration of broken bones (verse 8).

“Lord, open thou my lips" (verse 15). 

Sacrifices (verses 16, 17, and 19).

The earliest textual evidence of belief in bodily resurrection is found in the Nilotic texts of these early Hebrew priests. They recited funeral prayers and performed rituals on behalf of the deceased kings in hope that the king would rise from the dead.

The expectation of a Righteous Ruler who would overcome death and lead his people to immortality has been found to be a widespread and rooted in deep antiquity. It can be traced to the Nilotic belief in bodily resurrection. According to St. Augustine "the Egyptians alone believe in the resurrection, as they carefully preserved their dead bodies." ("Death, burial, and rebirth in the religions of antiquity", Jon Davies, Routledge, 1999, p. 27)

The Egyptian Coffin Texts and Pyramid Texts provide a great deal of information about Horus, the divine son of Ra. In the funerary rite the priest addresses the deceased king, saying: "Horus is a soul and he recognizes his Father in you..." (Pyramid Texts, Utterance 423)

In the Coffin Texts, the king is to be immortal in his flesh, expressed by his eating and drinking. The kmhw bread of Horus which I have eaten" (Pyramid Texts, Utterance 338) is the food of immortality. The Egyptian word km means to bring to an end, to complete, or fulfill, and hw refers to the heavenly temple or mansion of the firmament above. The Akkadian variant is khenfu cakes which are mentioned in the ancient Code of Ani.

It appears that the "kmhw bread of Horus" is what the Church Fathers regard as the one Bread which is the medicine of immortality and the antidote against death.

Concerning himself, Jesus said that "unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you. Whoever feeds on my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up on the last day" (John 6:53-54).

Egyptologist Louis Vico Žabkar argues that the Nilotic concept of the "ba" is not a part of the person but is the person himself. The idea of a purely immaterial existence was entirely foreign to the Horite and Sethite Hebrew. They were confident that the body and spirit could be united after death and thus the "second death" could be avoided.

The king that rises from the grave leads his people to immortality. Heavenly recognition for the ancient Hebrew was never an individual prospect. Heavenly recognition came to the people through the righteousness of their king and ruler-priests. There was hope that the king would rise on the third day and lead his people to immortality. This processional language appears in reference to the Messiah, who has the power to deliver captives from the grave to the throne of heaven (Ps. 68:18; Ps. 7:7; Eph. 4:8). Paul speaks of Christ leading captives in his royal train.

The extent of the Risen King's reign is vast. In his resurrection body he is to "traverse the Mound of Horus of the Southerners" and "traverse the Mound of Horus of the Northerners." (PT Utterances 536 and 553) 

The Risen King restores his settlements and cities, and opens doors to the Westerners, Easterners, Northerners and Southerners (Pyramid Texts, Utterance 587). He is to "betake himself to the Mansion of Horus which is in the firmament" (Pyramid Texts, Utterance 539).

The Risen King unites the peoples, restores the former state of blessedness, and joins heaven and earth.

 

Related reading: Early Resurrection Texts; Righteous Rulers and the Resurrection; Horite Hebrew Mounds; Signs Given That We Might Believe; Ancient Words for Priests

Righteous Rulers and the Resurrection

The oldest known icon of Christ Pantocrator (Saint Catherine's Monastery)
The two different facial expressions emphasize Christ's two natures as fully God and fully human.

Dr. Alice C. Linsley


The early Hebrew (both Horites and Sethites) believed that heavenly recognition of a people depended on the righteousness of their ruler-priest. Horite priests were known for their purity and devotion to the High God whose emblem was the Sun. Plutarch wrote that the “priests of the Sun at Heliopolis never carry wine into their temples, for they regard it as indecent for those who are devoted to the service of any god to indulge in the drinking of wine whilst they are under the immediate inspection of their Lord and King. The priests of the other deities are not so scrupulous in this respect, for they use it, though sparingly.”

In the ancient world, the ruler-priest was regarded as the mediator between the Deity and the people. If God turned His face away from the ruler, the people suffered from want and war. If the ruler found favor with God, the people experienced abundance and peace. The ruler was expected to intercede for his people before God in life and in death. The ruler's resurrection meant that he could lead his people beyond the grave to new life. This is why great pains were taken to ensure that the ruler not come into contact with dead bodies, avoid sexual impurity, and be properly preserved after death. The ruler's burial was attended by prayers, sacrifices and a grand procession to the royal tomb.

The New Testament speaks about Jesus as the ruler-priest. He is the firstborn from the grave and by his resurrection He delivers to the Father a "peculiar people." He leads us in the ascent to the Father where we receive heavenly recognition because we belong to Him. He fulfills an expectation of the early Hebrew in His third day resurrection. A reference to the third day resurrection is found in the Pyramid Texts: "Oh Horus, this hour of the morning, of this third day is come, when thou surely passeth on to heaven, together with the stars, the imperishable stars." (Utterance 667) In fact, the earliest known resurrection texts were written by the Nilotic Hebrew.

Heavenly recognition for the early Hebrew was never an individual prospect. Heavenly recognition came to the people through the righteousness of their ruler-priest. Early Hebrew rulers took this seriously, some more than others. The best were heavenly minded and the worst were so earthy minded that they shed much blood enlarging their territories. All failed to be the Ruler-Priest who rose from the dead. Therefore, none have the power to deliver captives from the grave and to lead them to the throne of heaven (Ps. 68:18; Ps. 7:7; Eph. 4:8). That one true ruler-priest is Jesus, the Son of God.


Related reading: Funerary Rites and the Hope of Resurrection; Gathered to His People; The Bosom of Abraham; Sheol and the Second Death; Burial Practices of the Rulers of Old; The Ancient Tumuli of Rulers; Horite and Sethite Mounds; Signs Given That We Might Believe

Atheists' Invalid Science vs. Religion Argument

Alice C. Linsley

Biblical Anthropology is a relatively new science and one which I have been pioneering for thirty years. It is distinctive in its approach to the biblical text and non-traditional in its findings. As with all scientific approaches it requires rigorous investigation and verification of hypothesis.

Biblical Anthropology puts the lie to the absurd opposition of science and religion. It exposes the bias of popular spokesmen like Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens and Stephen Hawking who has said, “There is a fundamental difference between religion, which is based on authority, [and] science, which is based on observation and reason. Science will win because it works.”[1] Hawking is correct in asserting this distinction until it comes to Biblical Anthropology, an empirical study of a textual authority.

All religions have textual authorities or, in the case of pre-literate societies, oral tradition. Science is used to verify laws, patterns and substances of the material world. However, it is invalid to argue that science is based on objective observation of the material world and religion is not. Anthropological research into the biblical material reveals that Abraham’s ancestors were acute observers of nature and kept records of their observations. In this sense the oldest religion and the newest science are not so different in their method. Both make assertions based on observation. They simply observe things differently. The scientist works with the material world and the Biblical Anthropologist works with the biblical text, an artifact of the material world.

Analysis of the marriage pattern of Abraham's Hebrew ancestors as described in Genesis reveals that the ruler-priest lines intermarried and spread out across the Ancient World (see map above). According to Lycotte's Y chromosome studies [2] migrated east and north from Africa. The migration explains the spread of R1*-M173, which is found mainly, but not exclusively in Africa. Haplogroup R1*-M173 is the pristine form of haplogroup R. We would expect such a genetic outcome based on the biblical data concerning the Hebrew ruler-priests' marriage and ascendency, a pattern that drove their expansion. 

As a biblical anthropologist, I seek data on the pages of the biblical text that either confirm or disprove my hypothesis. When it comes to analysis of the marriage and ascendency pattern of Abraham's Hebrew caste the results are replicable and would be the same regardless of who, where and when the analysis was done. When something is both replicable and produces identical results, it is authoritative. That is true in biblical anthropology as much as in any experimental science.

The ancient Kushites laid the foundation for many branches of science. They made discoveries in animal husbandry, plant cultivation, the discovery of antibiotics, metal work, astronomy, geometry and algebra. Their binary worldview paved the way for binary math and computers. They were both scientists and deeply religious, observing patterns in the heavens and on earth. St Paul says that this is how God designed things. He wrote that God's eternal power and divine nature are clearly perceived by means of what God created. In other words, the order of creation reveals the invisible qualities of the Godhead (Romans 1:20). Hawking is a very bright man, but he doesn't hold a candle to the Apostle Paul when it comes to understanding the antecedents of the natural world and its metaphysical extension.

Another spokesman who pits science against religion is Jerry Coyne, who has written:

"I’ve always maintained that this piece of the Old Testament [Adam and Eve], which is easily falsified by modern genetics (modern humans descended from a group of no fewer than 10,000 individuals), shows more than anything else the incompatibility between science and faith. For if you reject the Adam and Eve tale as literal truth, you reject two central tenets of Christianity: the Fall of Man and human specialness." 

Coyne is out of his element when speaking about the Bible. Modern genetics has not demonstrated what he claims. If anything, it validates the biblical picture of the oldest known caste originating in Africa. Further, serious scholarship requires distinguishing between the archetypal first parents and the historical Adam and Eve who are identified in Genesis as founders of the Hebrew ruler-priest caste. The Bible states that they were the parents of Cain, a city builder (Gen. 4) Clearly, Cain's parents were not the first humans on earth.

Further, from the beginning humans were humans. There is no drawer in a museum or university archive with bones of something between human and ape. Don't be fooled by the (often inconsistent) nomenclature of evolutionary theory. The oldest fossils found in Africa are easily classified as either ape (simian) or homo (human) and the morphology is quite distinct. Further for specimens under 200,000 years old DNA testing clarifies to which category the fossils belong. 

Additionally, we must consider the great antiquity of human innovation, creativity, and technological development. The reader is encouraged to read this short list of human artifacts of great antiquity.

     1. Hawking made this statement during a 2010 interview to Dianne Sawyer of ABC News. In the same interview he made the statement that human life is "insignificant in the universe.”

     2. Lycotte's Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages due to the early Kushite migration. Kush was a descendant of Noah, a proto-Saharan ruler.



Related Reading: The Atheist's Fallacious Argument; Getting the Facts About Human Origins; Peter Hitchens Makes Peace as a Christian with his Atheist Brother; The Hebrew were a Caste