The Lion and Judah

Alice C. Linsley

The Habiru (Hebrew) clans and their animal totems make a fascinating study. The animal totem of the clan of Hamor, one of David’s “great men,' was the wild donkey. The animal totem of Zibeon's clan was the the hyena and the totem of the clan of Dishan was the gazelle. The totem of Caleb's clan was the dog and the totem of Judah's clan was the lion. The Horite patriarch Jacob refers to his son Judah as a Gur Aryeh גּוּר אַרְיֵה יְהוּדָה, which means "young lion" (Gen. 49:9). The totem of Shobal's clan was also the lion fierce in it youthful strength (young lion). Shobal was one of the Horite chiefs named in the Genesis 36 king list.

The association of the lion with Judah has antecedents in the Nilotic image of Akar (shown above). The Sun represents the Creator. The Sun rests on the Nile river bed between twin lions facing the two horizons. In Elephantine (Yebu) theology, the sun at noon over the Nile represented the temporal and spatial sacred center. This image of Akar appears on the ancient Egyptian papyrus of Ani (Oni/Ainu) that is in the British Museum.

The Sun's cradle between the lions is also the form upon which the ancient horned altars were patterned (shown left). This pattern signified God's sovereignty over the earth, but here the orb of the Sun has disappeared and God's presence is evident as negative space. This suggests apophatic prayer. Apophatic refers to empty space which is filled by God. It means emptying the mind of words and ideas and simply resting in the sacred center. This is sometimes called "centering prayer."

When the priest elevates the consecrated host over the chalice, he is presenting an apophatic image. Christ's body is broken in two in order that God might create a place for us in that sacred center. This image is very like the image of the Sun resting between the banks of the life-giving Nile.

Likewise, twin lions often indicate the place of entrance. Many arched entrances were flanked by twin lions. They often appeared at the center of lintels or on the sides of gates and arches. The entrance to the Roman basilica in Libya (below) is flanked by lions.

This idea extends to the throne of king's and priests. The throne was a door for the passage of Wisdom. Solomon's throne was flanked by two lions, as described in II Chronicles 9:18:  "There were six steps to the throne and a footstool in gold attached to the throne, and arms on each side of the seat, and two lions standing beside the arms." Solomon's was one of several seats of wisdom mentioned in the Bible.

I Kings 10:18,19 tells of a great ivory throne with two lions standing on the arm rests. This also described the throne of the Coptic Pope. It was common for the back of ancient thrones to have an ivory and gold inlay image of Horus the Golden. Horus continued to be venerated in some Old Coptic texts even into this century.

The Horus image appears between two lions in ancient India in the Harappa culture (see below). Har-appa means "Horus is Father" in Dravidian. It also appears in ancient Persia.

Horus between lions (India)

Horus between lions (Persia)

A variation on this motif is Horus between the two horizons. In the image below Horus is shown as the divine child. The eastern and western horizons are staffs. One is topped by a falcon, Horus' animal totem, and the other is topped with the sema sign (singing papyrus reed), the plant totem of Horus who unites the Upper and Lower Nile. The serpents represent the Nile waters which sustain life for humans and animals. The Egyptians believed that chaos (tehom) dwelt south of Elephantine Island (Yebu) as a great river serpent between the east (bahku) and west (manu) banks of the Nile.

Both lions and serpents are associated with the long-awaited Messiah, as is evident in Psalm 91:11-13:

For he will command his angels concerning you

to guard you in all your ways;

they will lift you up in their hands,

so that you will not strike your foot against a stone.

You will tread on the lion and the cobra;

you will trample the young lion and the serpent.

In some ancient images, serpents replace lions. In this artifact from ancient Crete, Horus' mother Hathor appears between serpents and geese. Though Hathor's animal totem was the cow, in later depictions as Isis she was shown with the goose. Isis was called the "egg of the goose" because Geb (Earth) is the father of Isis and his animal totem was the goose.

In the Askelon image (below) Hathor is shown between the horizons with the triangular mountain lexeme above her head. The mountain was the place of meeting God. Above the mountain are Hathor's cow horns in which the Sun rests at the sacred center.

Askelon tanit shows Hathor between the horizons.

The Askelon icon reflects the older images of Hathor whose crown of horns cradles the Sun. This indicates that she was divinely appointed by overshadowing. This is the Proto-Gospel. Luke 1:35: "The angel answered, "The Holy Spirit will come on you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. So the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God."

The Tanit of Carthage conveys a similar iconic message. This is not an image of a goddess, as some suppose. It is a symbol of the cosmology of Abraham's Nilo-Saharan and Saharo-Nubian ancestors. It designates the temporal center with the sun resting at noon (midway between east and west) and the spatial center with the sun resting on top of a mountain.

The Lion of Judah in modern Ethiopia

In Ethiopia the Lion of Judah is associated with Messianic glory and Haile Selassie. The golden Lion of Judah Monument stands in the square in front of the train station in Addis Ababa. It is mounted on a black granite pedestal which is decorated with relief portraits of Emperors Menelik II, Haile Selassie I, Empress Zewditu and RasMakonnen. The statue was erected in 1930 before Emperor Haile Selassie's coronation. Selassie claimed a continuous lineage of from Adam to Solomon, and as Emperor of Ethiopia was regarded by many of his followers as God's rightful ruler on earth. His emergence at a time when Africans were casting off colonial rule was seen as Messianic. He liberated his people. The mark of the true Messiah is to lead his people through death to immortality, something Salassie failed to do, seeing that he never rose from the dead.

In 1935, during the Italian occupation of Ethiopia, the Lion of Judah statue was taken to Rome, where it remained for several decades. It was finally returned to Addis Ababa after long negotiations in the 1960's.

Related reading: The Sacred Center in Biblical Theology; Totemism in the Old Testament; Conservation of Monuments in Addis Ababa; The Urheimat of the Canaanite Y; Mother and Son Pierced: An Image of Intimacy

Yahu Seals

Alice C. Linsley


Ancient clay seals were used to secure documents by the personal authority of an official or a king. These bullae were created by the impression of a signet on a lump of clay. A rolled papyrus or parchment document was tied with a cord and the cord was sealed with the piece of clay.

Ancient seals testify to trade relations between peoples living a great distance apart. There is a similarity in the seals of the Indus, Mesopotamian and Nile civilizations. In fact, linguistic study of ancient seals and ostracon suggest a vast Afro-Asiatic Dominion before the rise of kingdoms like Babylon, Assyria and Persia. Contemporaneous seal inscriptions are sufficiently analogical as to be read and understood. The seals contain proper names and attributes such a pure. Often there are titles such as servant, priest or judge. Proper names were mostly theophoric, i.e. they contained divine names. In the case of the priest caste, the seals indicates the deity served by the priest. This is the case in the Har-appa and Mohenjo-daro civilization also. Harappa means "Horus is Father" in Dravidian.

Numerous ancient seals name the owner and include the holy name YHWH or the theophoric element Yahu, often found in ancient names in Judah. Here are seven seals that bear such inscriptions.

#1 Clay seal been found in the area of King David's Palace. 

Another found there bears the name of l'galyahu [ben] immer'

Here the divine name is Yehu, and resembles the name Yeha preserved on a sacrificial altar with a royal Dedanite inscription found in Ethiopia. 

These names are found in Jeremiah 38:1: "Then Shephatiah the son of Mattan, and Gedaliah the son of Pashur, and Jucal the son of Shelemiah, and Pashur the son of Malchiah, heard the words that Jeremiah had spoken unto all the people, saying ..."  Yehuchal is the same as Jucal with the theophoric yahu embedded in the name.

#2  This seal says "Belonging to Ahaz (son of) Yehotam, King of Judah." 

Ahaz is written as Yeho-ahaz, in the annals of the Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III (744-727 BCE), who received tribute from Ahaz. Yehotam appears 19 times in the Bible, but it is spelled Yotam.

#3 The paleo-Hebrew inscription reads, `Belonging to Eliyahu', (the son of) `yaqimyahu' and dates to 700 BC or thereafter.

#4  Seal found in Samaria bearing the words Oniyahu, son of Merav

This refers to an individual, but could also refer to a ship dedicated to YHWH. Oniah is the Hebrew word for ship. Two High Priests were named Onias: the 44th and the 61st. Oni or Onias/Ananias might also refer to On or Anu. The Anu/Ainu were a sea-faring people who originated in the Nile Valley. The Ainu and Hebrew scripts are virtually identical.

#5  Seal of Paltayahu or Palta, official in time of King Zedekiah of Judah (Ezekiel 11:1,13)

Zedekiah was made king of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar II in 597 BC at the age of twenty-one.

#6  Belonging to Shebnayahu, servant of the King

This seal appeared on the lintel of a tomb at Siloam in Jerusalem. Shebna-yahu may have been the High Priest Shebna. Another seal from the 7th century B.C. names Hanan, son of Hilqiyahu, the priest. Hilqiyahu is better known as Hilkiah the High Priest during the reign of Josiah. 

#7  Paleo-Hebrew inscription reads "Belonging to Asayahu, servant of the king" 
Dates to the 7th century B.C.

Related reading:  The Nubian Context of YHWH; Biblical Sheba and Nubians Linked; Purity Seal From Herod's Temple; What We Learn From King Ahaz's Seal; A List of Seal Impressions and Ostracon

Are Rabbinic Interpretations of the Bible Accurate?

Alice C. Linsley

A great deal of misunderstanding can result from the mechanical reproduction of previously published ideas either because those ideas are taken out of context or because they are based on factual errors. The manner in which authors sort and select data, without verifying the source or checking the facts, can lead to distorted interpretations. This problem must be anticipated in Bible interpretation where it is common to rely on what the rabbis have written.

As the Bible is viewed as a Jewish religious text, it is natural to seek rabbinic guidance. American Christians tend to read the Old Testament through rabbinic sources. Many seminaries and pastors use commentaries written by non-believing Jews. This is especially true among American Evangelicals. They appear to be unaware of the antecedents of Messianic expectation among Abraham's Nilo-Saharan and Saharo-Nubian ancestors. They also are generally unaware that Hebrew is an African language.

Rabbinic interpretations have influenced how Christians read the Old Testament from the start of the Church era. Sometimes the early Christians agreed with the rabbis' interpretations, but often they did not. The Church Fathers condemned Jewish attempts to discredit the testimony of the Apostles and many others. They also attempted, some more successfully than others, to refute rabbinic interpretations of the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD, and rabbinic interpretations of Messianic passages, such as Psalm 101:1:

The Lord says to my lord:

“Sit at my right hand
until I make your enemies
a footstool for your feet.”

And Psalm 110:4. The Rabbinic community has made many inflammatory accusations against the Christian interpretation of this verse.

The Lord has sworn
and will not change his mind:
“You are a priest forever,
in the order of Melchizedek.”

Some rabbis insist that Christians tampered with the passage. One contemporary Rabbi has written: “Psalm 110 represents one of the New Testaments’s most stunning, yet clever mistranslations of the Jewish scriptures. Moreover, the confusion created by the Christianization of this verse was further perpetuated and promulgated by numerous Christian translators of the Bible as well…The story of the church’s tampering with Psalm 110 is so old that it begins in the Christian canon itself.” (The treatise on Jewish Objections vol.111)

Rabbi Singer said, “No Jew who had even a superficial knowledge of the Jewish scriptures would have ever found Jesus’ argument compelling, let alone a conversation stopper.”

But if David wrote the psalm, then Jesus' question is well considered: If the Messiah is merely David’s son, as was universally agreed, how can David call him his Lord? If David wrote this, what was his source? He believed in the coming of Messiah based on his Edomite heritage. Edom was where the Horite kings ruled and where Abraham's territory extended between Hebron and Beersheba. The Horites had long expected a Righteous Ruler to overcome death and lead His people to immortality. They were a caste of ruler-priests who were devotees of Horus and his mother Hathor-Meri, the patroness of Horite metalworkers.

It appears that David drew on the Horite Hebrew tradition. His father was a great Horite ruler whose territory extended from Bethlehem in Galilee to Ramah. Ramah was the home of Samuel's Horite father. It was Samuel who anointed David in Bethlehem and for a time the Ark rested in Bethlehem. The Bethlehem of Obed, Jesse and David is specifically associated with the Horites in I Chronicles 4:4 which names Hur (Hor) as the "father of Bethlehem." David's sons are called "priests" in II Samuel because they were of the Horite ruler-priest bloodline. This is Jesus' bloodline through Mary.

It was universally agreed that the Messiah was the "son" or descendant of David, and according to the prophet Micah He would come from Bethlehem, David's royal city. Bethlehem of Galilee was known as a fruitful place and therefore called Bethlehem "Ephratha." This is the Bethlehem of David's ancestors Ruth and Boaz. It was a region known for fruit and grain. It was connected to the royal house of Tyre. Tyre was one of the ancient seats of wisdom. Hiram I of Tyre helped David build his palace. Tyrian craftsmen also helped Solomon build the temple. The rulers of Tyre were considered to have roots in ancient Eden.

The prophet Ezekiel traces the rulers of Tyre back to Eden. "Son of Man, raise a lament over the king of Tyre and say to him: Thus says the Lord God: You were the seal of perfection, full of wisdom and flawless beauty. You were in Eden, in the Garden of God; every precious stone was your adornment... and gold beautifully wrought for you, mined for you, prepared the day you were created." (Ezekiel 28:11-18)

Jesus went to Tyre and there His true identity was recognized, according to Mark's Gospel (cf. Matt. 15:21). Hiram I, David and Jesus share a common Horite ancestry that extends back to Eden. The Horites believed that the promised Seed of the Woman would be born of their ruler-priest lines and they expected Him to visit them. In Mark 7:24, this expectation was fulfilled when the Son of God visited Tyre. Mark explains that there Jesus “could not pass unrecognized.”


The Riddle Jesus Posed to the Jews

Then He said to them, "How is it that they say the Christ is David's son? For David himself says in the book of Psalms, 'The LORD said to my LORD, "Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet."  (Luke 20:21-45; Mark 12:35,36)

How can David's son/descendant also be called David's Lord? This was the riddle that Jesus posed to his disclaimers.

“Psalm 110 represents one of the New Testament’s most stunning, yet clever mistranslations of the Jewish scriptures. Moreover, the confusion created by the Christianization of this verse was further perpetuated and promulgated by numerous Christian translators of the Bible as well…The story of the church’s tampering with Psalm 110 is so old that it begins in the Christian canon itself.” (From here.)

The ruling Jews rejected Jesus as Messiah and the division took place when our Lord was manifested at His Baptism, in His Galilean ministry, and during His passion. He fulfilled all the signs of Messiah: feeding the people, calming wind and waves, healing the lame, giving sight to the blind and raising the dead, yet the ruling Jews refused to believe. They rejected the tradition of their own Horim (Horite Hebrew ancestors) who knew that the ultimate sign of Messiah's identity would be the third-day resurrection and an empty tomb. This is why Abraham's ancestors were buried with such care and their tombs sealed. They believed that the salvation of the people depended on a Righteous Ruler, who having overcome death, could led his people to immortality. The third-day resurrection was regarded as the most definitive sign whereby Messiah would be identified. The Jews knew this and therefore took great precaution to see that Rome sealed the tomb and posted a guard.

The Jews have spun a myth that Abraham was the first Jew. This is historically, anthropologically and linguistically inaccurate. Even Shaye Cohen, the leading Jewish scholar at Harvard, admits this in his interview with NOVA. To avoid the reality of Abraham's Nilo-Saharan ancestors, the rabbis begin Jewish history with the calling of Abraham. But it just doesn't work. Since Abraham was Habiru (Hebrew) and not a Jew, the central narrative of Judaism shifted to Moses, and we came to think of Israel as having two different origins. However, Moses's family was Horite. That has been confirmed through analysis of Amram's marriage and ascendancy, which is distinctively Horite Hebrew.

The prophets were right to condemn Egyptian polytheism. The Horites were not polytheistic. They believed in a single Creator whose son was Horus and they spoke of the Father and Son as equals. So it is that Christianity emerges from a tradition much older than Judaism. In this sense, the core of the Christian faith is the oldest known religion. It took the Apostles a while to sort this out since they were brought up in post-exilic Judaism which is very far from the faith of Abraham and his Habiru ancestors. However, after the Resurrection, the Apostles recognized Jesus as Messiah and began to insist that unless one believed that He is the Son of God one cannot be saved. From that point, the division of Christianity and Judaism was inevitable. Rabbinic animosity toward followers of the Christ intensified after the destruction of the Temple, for which Christians were blamed. The Sanhedrin relocated to Jamnia and from there the campaign to paint Jesus as a fraud began in earnest.

When we consider the Horite beliefs concerning the Righteous Ruler we find close parallels. His mother was to be overshadowed. Because her animal totem was the cow she is shown in Nile temples holding her infant child in a stable. A Horite ceremony involved the priests bringing gifts and setting them before the Child. Another ceremony involved two days of mourning for the death of Horus and on the third day the priests cast grain into the fields as a sign of new life. When telling his disciples of His impending death, Jesus identified Himself as Seed or fallen grain in John 12:24: "Truly, truly, I say to you, unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, it remains alone; but if it dies, it bears much fruit."

As for Jesus' I Am designation, consider how Horus describes himself in the Coffin texts (passage 148): "I am Horus, the great Falcon upon the ramparts of the house of him of the hidden name. My flight has reached the horizon. I have passed by the gods of Nut. I have gone further than the gods of old. Even the most ancient bird could not equal my very first flight. I have removed my place beyond the powers of Set, the foe of my father Osiris. No other god could do what I have done. I have brought the ways of eternity to the twilight of the morning. I am unique in my flight. My wrath will be turned against the enemy of my father Osiris and I will put him beneath my feet in my name of 'Red Cloak'." (Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt by R.T. Rundle Clark, p. 216)

Here we find the words of David in Psalm 110:1 - The LORD says to my Lord: "Sit at My right hand until I make Your enemies a footstool for Your feet."

Ultimately, the great divide centers on the question Who is Jesus? The rabbis have not been open-minded on this question. They have given ignominious names to Mary and her Son. In the Talmud Mary is called "Charia" which means dung or excrement. Yet they grant that she was of the ruler-priest lines. Sanhedrin 106a say, “She who was the descendant of princes and governors played the harlot with carpenters.” Jesus is called "Jeschu" which means May his name and memory be blotted out. His Hebrew name is Yeshua, which means Salvation. Sanhedrin 43a says that Jesus the Nazarene was executed because he practiced sorcery.


Related reading: The Substance of Abraham's Faith; Destruction of the Temple: Rabbinic Interpretations; Messianic Jews and the Antecedents of Judaism; Who Were the Levites?; The Talmud Versus the Doctrine of the Lord; Answering Rabbis Objections to Yeshua

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