Ancient Words for Priests

Many images of shaved priests have been found. This shaved priest is sacrificing a ram. 

Dr. Alice C. Linsley

There are many ancient words that are translated "priest" though the function of the priest certainly varied from community to community. Priests in the ancient world served as scribes, lectors, funerary officials, embalmers, advisers to kings, and priests who offered animal sacrifices. 

Ancient words for priests include terah, korah, harwa, sem, wabau, kalu (lamentation priest), hekau, and šangû. The Akkadian term šangû is the likely origin of the Latin word saguis and the English word sanguine, both referring to blood. The šangû probably offered animal sacrifice at royal sanctuaries. 

As late as the seventh century B.C. priests of Horus were living in Mesopotamia, an area into which their ancestors had dispersed before 3300 B.C. A Horite priest (šangû sa huru - priest of Horus) is mentioned among five priests in an Assyrian document (State Archives of Assyria Bulletin/SAAB 9 127) from the city of Assur. The document is dated to 639 B.C. The Horite priest is named Qibit-Aššur. The Akkadian word qibitu refers to the irrevocable, immutable, and irrefutable word of the High God.

Another Akkadian word for priest is abru from which the word Hebrew is likely derived. The Hebrew were a caste of royal priests called abrutu.

In ancient Egypt not everyone who served at the temples and shrines was a priest. Both men and women of the Hebrew caste took turns offering praise to the High God and his son HR. The men who offered praises were called hem-netjer and females were called hemet-netjer. In ancient Egyptian the word hem/HM refers to praise.

The term korah refers to a shaved priest (Biblical Archaeology Review, July/August 2007, p.37.) Moses had a half-brother named Korah. Both Aaron and Korah were priests. The korahs shaved their bodies before their time of service at the temple or shrine. This was part of their ritual purification.

Herodotus observed that ritual purity was a prominent feature of the Nilotic priest's life (II:37):

"They are religious excessively beyond all other men, and with regard to this they have customs as follows: they drink from cups of bronze and rinse them out every day, and not some only do this but all: they wear garments of linen always newly washed, and this they make a special point of practice: they circumcise themselves for the sake of cleanliness, preferring to be clean rather than comely. The priests shave themselves all over their body every other day, so that no lice or any other foul thing may come to be upon them when they minister to the gods; and the priests wear garments of linen only and sandals of papyrus, and any other garment they may not take nor other sandals; these wash themselves in cold water twice in the day and twice again in the night; and other religious services they perform (one may almost say) of infinite number."

The term korah is likely related to the language of the Nilotic Luo, for whom Ja'Kor refers a priest-seer who offers incantations and prayers concerning the future. According to rabbinic sources, Korah possessed the power to foresee the future. These priests were in the service of rulers and high kings. Joseph may have been regarded as a korah when he foretold the future calamity that was coming upon Egypt.

Korah was born to Amram and his cousin wife Ishara. Ishara named their son "Korah" after her father, Korah the Elder. This is another example of the cousin bride's naming prerogative, a distinctive feature of the early Hebrew marriage and ascendancy pattern.

1 Chronicles 23:18 says that Ishara's first son was named Shelomith. As "Korah" is a title, it is possible that Moses' half-brother was named Shelomith. The name identifies Shelomith as a member of a ruling family. In the ancient Akkadian language, shal means rule or reign, and mit refers to a mace, a symbol of royal authority.

Ishara (Ušḫara) is a Hittite name possibly meaning, or referring to, making a binding oath since Ishara/Ushara was perceived as a goddess by whose name oaths were sworn. According to Stol and Wiggermann, Ishara was the figure to whom women turned to bare sons (Birth in Babylonia and the Bible: Its Mediterranean Setting, p. 79).

If Amram married according to the custom of the high-ranking Hebrew ruler-priests, Ishara's Hittite name would suggest that his cousin bride was of a Hebrew clan of Canaan or Anatolia where the Hebrew clans had dispersed long before Amram's time. The Hittites are related to Heth of Kiriath Arba (Hebron) where Sarah lived. Hebron was part of ancient Edom in Abraham's time.

In 1 Chronicles 23:18, Ishara/Ishar is named as a chief. Another woman named as a chief is Anah in Genesis 36. Genesis 36 lists the rulers of Edom that descend from Seir the Horite Hebrew. Abraham's territory was in ancient Edom and Aaron was buried there. 

Though the Horite and Sethite Hebrew were widely dispersed among other peoples, they maintained their unique culture and religious heritage as a ruler-priest caste. Within that caste there were orders of priests and temple guilds whose functions varied according to their clan. 

The Terah named as Abraham's father (Gen. 11) was a powerful chief over a clan. He would have played a role in decisions about widows. Among the Nilotic Luo, the priest who performs the widow cleansing rituals is called Ja'Ter. Among the Dinka, the word for priest is tier. 

This tile shows a tera (priest) neter or netjer (of God or the divine) of the Sethite moiety who served at a temple in a city of the Nilotic Annu.

The Ter/Terah title was found among the rulers of the Annu who inhabited the Upper Nile. In Japan, the word tera refers to a temple priest.

The so-called "God's wife" was a princess who was to oversee affairs of the temple. Royal daughters were dedicated to the temple when they were denied marriage, or they refused to marry. The two highest ranks a woman could hold in ancient Egypt were the positions of the God’s Wife (Hemet Netjer) and the Divine Adoratrice (Duat Netjer). These women are sometimes referred to as "priestesses" though they served no priestly functions.

Sargon (reigned c. 2334–2284 BC) appointed his daughter En-Heduanna as the royal official in charge of the shrine at Ur. The Akkadian term En means lord, master, or royal official. The Creator’s son was called En-ki, meaning “Lord of the Earth.” En-Heduanna served the Creator God An, at the House (pr) of Anu (Iannu). As with Roman Catholic nuns, she would have been considered “married” to the deity she served. En-Heduanna is credited with a large body of cuneiform poetry.

Another term for priest is harwa. Anceint images of the harwa priests shown them with shaved bodies and usually seated. A famous Nilotic priest called "Harwa" served as the high steward of God's wife early in the seventh century BC. 

Some priests were responsible for funerals and the maintenance of burial sites. The sem priests presided over mortuary rituals and conducted funeral services. These were the embalmers who recited prayers to God Father and God Son (Ra and Horus) while wrapping the mummies. Many of the prayers of the sem priests are found in ancient writings such as the Pyramid Tests (2400 BC) and the Coffin Texts (2000 BC). These texts speak of the hope of bodily resurrection. 

A Horite song found at the royal complex at Ugarit, speaks of Horus descending to the place of the dead "to announce good tidings." Horus is described as rising on the third day (The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Utterance 667).

Other significant (Messianic) utterances include:

"Horus has shattered (tbb, crushed) the mouth of the serpent with the sole of his foot (tbw)." Pyramid Texts, Utterance 388

"I am Horus, the great Falcon upon the ramparts of the house of him of the hidden name. My flight has reached the horizon. I have passed by the gods of Nut. I have gone further than the gods of old. Even the most ancient bird could not equal my very first flight. I have removed my place beyond the powers of Set, the foe of my father Osiris. No other god could do what I have done. I have brought the ways of eternity to the twilight of the morning. I am unique in my flight. My wrath will be turned against the enemy of my father Osiris and I will put him beneath my feet in my name of 'Red Cloak'." Coffin Texts, Utterance 148 

In ancient Egypt, the ka priests were paid by a family to perform the daily offerings at the tomb of their deceased loved ones.

Some priests served as royal lectors. The lector-priest was called hekau. These priests read ancient texts and were known as the keepers of the received tradition (hakem).

The ordinary priest was called wabau, which comes from the hieroglyphic word wab meaning 'to be pure' or 'purified'. The priests of the ancient world were concerned about purity of life as well as ritual purity. Herodotus observed that "The Egyptians were the first who made it a point of religion not to lie with women in temples, nor to enter into temples after going away from women without first bathing." (II:64)

Related reading: Moses and the Kushite Bride; Hebrew Names and Titles; The Afro-Asiatic Conception of Purity; Moses' Horite Hebrew Family; Denying Marriage: A Cunning Royal Strategy; Righteous Rulers and the Resurrection; 2400 BC Tomb of a Purification Priest; Physician Priests in Antiquity; Tomb of the Priest Shepseskaf-ankh

Amram's Children

Alice C. Linsley

Amram fathered at least three sons and a daughter by two wives. The daughter was named Miriam/Miryam. The name is related to the Egyptian word for love - mer. The Anglicized form is Mary. The Talmud (Sanhedrin 69b; Sotah 11b) states that Miriam married Caleb and their son was called Hur, a Horite Hebrew name. Caleb and Hur are related to the Horite Hebrew of Bethlehem. Hur is called the "father of Bethlehem" in I Chronicles 4:4.

As Amram had two wives, Miriam was probably not his only daughter. One daughter born to his cousin wife Ishara might have been called Shelomith. However, 1 Chronicles 23:18 says that Shelomith was Ishara's first son. The name is problematic because there are eight people by that name in the Old Testament, 5 men and 3 females.

This two-wife marriage custom is typical of the marriage and ascendancy pattern of the Horite Hebrew ruler-priests. We find the custom with Lamech the Elder (Gen. 4), Terah, Abraham, Esau, Jacob, Amram, Moses, Caleb, Ashur, Joash, and Elkanah.

Many Horite Hebrew rulers had two wives. Abraham's were Sarah and Keturah. Amram's wives were Jochebed and Ishara. Moses married a "Kushite" bride (his half-sister) and a Midianite bride, Zipporah (his patrilineal cousin). Samuel's father Elkanah married Penninah and Hannah.

The evidence of kinship analysis indicates that Jochebed was Amram's half-sister, not "his father's sister" as claimed by some on the basis on Exodus 6:20, Numbers 3:19). Cousin in Hebrew is בן דוד (ben-dod) for men and בת דודה (baht-doh-dah) for women. Anthropologically, dodatho and dohdah may refer to a close "cousin."

In 1 Samuel 10:14 and Leviticus 10:4 דוד dod signifies an uncle. It can also signify an uncle's son: compare Jeremiah 32:8 with Exodus 6:12, where the Vulgate renders דדי dodi as patruelis mei, my paternal cousin. In Amos 6:10, for דודו dodo, the Targum has קריביה karibiah, meaning a near relation. 

It appears that Jochebed was the mother of Aaron, Miriam, and Moses, and that Aaron was the oldest of the three. It is also possible that Jochebed and Amram were half-siblings. They may have had the same father, but different mothers. This is true for Abraham and Sarah. Their father was Terah, but they had different mothers.

Amram's second wife was Ishara, the daughter of Korah the Elder. Her first-born son was named Korah, after her father, following the early Hebrew practice of the cousin bride naming her first born son after her father. Korah the Younger belonged to the household of Korah the Elder, not to the household of his biological father. This is typical of the marriage and ascendancy pattern of the Horite and Sethite Hebrew.

It appears that all Amram's children were born in Egypt. They were Horite Hebrew, a caste of priests dedicated to God Father and God's son called Horus (from ancient Egyptian HR, meaning Most High or Hidden One). Some of the Horite Hebrew rulers are listed in Genesis 36. They are associated with the high places in Edom. Horite high places were found in many regions of the ancient world. In the Pyramid Texts (2613-2181 BC) these elevated shrines and temples are called "Horite mounds."

Amram's means "the people are exalted"or "exalted among the people." This refers to Amram's high status and the high regard in the ancient world for the Horite Hebrew priests. They were known for their strict devotion to the High God and his son, and for their purity and sobriety. Herodotus observed II:37:

"They are religious excessively beyond all other men, and with regard to this they have customs as follows: they drink from cups of bronze and rinse them out every day, and not some only do this but all: they wear garments of linen always newly washed, and this they make a special point of practice: they circumcise themselves for the sake of cleanliness, preferring to be clean rather than comely. The priests shave themselves all over their body every other day, so that no lice or any other foul thing may come to be upon them when they minister to the gods; and the priests wear garments of linen only and sandals of papyrus, and any other garment they may not take nor other sandals; these wash themselves in cold water twice in the day and twice again in the night; and other religious services they perform (one may almost say) of infinite number."

Likewise, Plutarch noted that the “priests of the Sun at Heliopolis [biblical On] never carry wine into their temples, for they regard it as indecent for those who are devoted to the service of any god to indulge in the drinking of wine whilst they are under the immediate inspection of their Lord and King. The priests of the other deities are not so scrupulous in this respect, for they use it, though sparingly.”

Amram's father was Kohath. He also was a priest. One of Amram's sons has the priestly name of Korah. "Korah" refers to a priest who shaves his body as part of a cleansing ritual in preparation for his time of service in the temple or shrine. Korah, a son of Ishar/Izhar, is mentioned in Numbers 16:1.

Jews pose Aaron as the founder of the Jewish priesthood, but the roots of the Hebrew priesthood are found much earlier. They are found in ancient Egypt and in Edom. In fact, Aaron was buried in Edom, one of the territories ruled by the Horite Hebrew.

Aaron's Tomb on the summit of Mount Harun in ancient Edom.

(Photo credit: Ferrell Jenkins)

Related reading: The Marriage and Ascendancy Pattern of the Horite Hebrew; The Social Structure of the Horite Hebrew; The Cousin Bride's Naming Prerogative; Two Named Esau; Horite Mounds