Features of the Social Structure of the Biblical Hebrew

Dr. Alice C. Linsley


1. The Hebrew ruler-priests were a caste. The most significant feature of a caste is the practice of taking marriage partners only from members of the caste (caste endogamy).


2. The Hebrew caste is characterized by cognatic double descent or bilateral descent. The individual’s descent is traced through both the father’s line and the mother’s line. With bilateral descent, there is a doubling of ancestors. Lamech the Younger could claim descent from both Cain and Seth since his father and mother had Cain and Seth as common ancestors. Nimrod could claim descent from both Ham and Shem since those lines intermarried.


3. In the Hebrew cognatic double descent system, caste members receive some rights and obligations from the father’s side and some from the mother’s side. Those rights and responsibilities depend on the parent’s status and the order of marriage. The rights and responsibilities of the firstborn son of the first wife (usually a half-sister) are different than those of the firstborn son of the second wife (usually a cousin).


4. Hebrew men who ruled over territories maintained two wives in separate settlements. These settlements marked the boundaries of the ruler’s territory. The wives’ settlements were usually on a north-south axis.


5. Only males offered blood sacrifice at the altars. Women were not permitted in the area where animals were sacrificed. Likewise, men were not permitted in the birthing chambers where women shed blood in childbirth. These distinct types of blood work speak of death and life and the two were never to be confused. Therefore, the blood work of the Hebrew priests and the blood work of the Hebrew women never shared the same space.

The marriages of the early Hebrew were regnal marriages involving a bride and a groom from related Hebrew clans or between half-siblings. Royal marriages are not like the marriages of commoners because of political complexities and the need for an undisputed heir. In some countries men marry multiple wives as a show of their wealth. Such a practice is self-serving, not God serving. Christians are not to build kingdoms for themselves. Instead, they are committed to the eternal kingdom of Christ our God.

To understand biblical eschatology, we must understand the two-wife pattern of the biblical Hebrew. The pattern is traceable from the earliest Hebrew rulers named in Genesis 4 and 5 to the time of Mary and Joseph. It is to this two-bride pattern that Jesus refers when he speaks of the two flocks that are one (John 10:16), Among the biblical Hebrew two wives made a kingdom.

The story of Jesus meeting with the Samaritan woman at Jacob’s Well is one of the most profound encounters of a man and a woman at a water source. The woman is known in Church tradition as Photini. She is the first evangelist in the New Testament and in the Eastern Orthodox Church she is regarded as “equal to the Apostles.” Photini means “enlightened one.” 

Caesarius of Arles explains that Isaac, Jacob, and Moses are types of Jesus Christ, and "for this reason they found their wives at wells, because Christ was to find His church at the waters of baptism." 

Photini is a type of the Church, a non-Jewish bride of Christ. She was a Samaritan. The Jews and the Samarian were cousins. The Hebrew bride of Christ is analogous to the half-sister bride, the wife of the ruler’s youth. The non-Jewish bride of Christ is analogous to the cousin wife, the wife taken shortly before the heir came to power. The proper heir did not receive a kingdom from his father until he married his cousin bride. The marriage and ascendancy pattern of the early Hebrew has implications for eschatology. That pattern would have been very familiar to Jesus.

The first bride of the ascendant son (the proper heir) was taken while he was still a young man. The first bride is represented by the faithful of the Old Covenant. The second bride was taken shortly before the heir received a kingdom from his father. Are not the faithful of the Church the Lord’s second bride? Together the two brides constitute a kingdom received. And His kingdom will have no end.

Related reading: The Hebrew Were a Caste; Hebrew Rulers with Two Wives; Cousin Brides Among the Hebrew; The Cousin Bride's Naming Prerogative; The Hebrew Hierarchy of Sons; The Genesis "Begats"; Understanding "Biblical" Marriages